Development of an IoT-Based Smart Hydroponic Monitoring System as a Modern Agricultural Solution in Remote Areas
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Abstract
This research was motivated by the low agricultural productivity on Nias Island caused by limited land availability, inadequate infrastructure, restricted access to modern technology, and highly variable climatic conditions. This study aims to develop an Internet of Things (IoT)-based smart hydroponic monitoring system capable of automatically monitoring key parameters such as temperature, pH, water quality, and nutrient levels in real time, integrated with mobile applications and cloud platforms for remote accessibility. The research methodology consists of needs analysis, system design, prototype implementation, testing, and performance evaluation. The test results demonstrate that the developed prototype operates effectively, with sensor accuracy showing an average error of 3.74% for TDS, 1.28% for pH, and 0.91% for temperature measurements, while actuator testing confirmed 100% correct system response to nutrient and pH control scenarios. The system also maintained stable data transmission to mobile and cloud platforms without significant latency. These findings indicate that the proposed IoT-based monitoring system can significantly improve the efficiency and productivity of hydroponic agriculture, particularly in resource-limited regions such as Nias Island. The study provides empirical evidence of the system’s performance, reinforcing its potential as a practical solution for modernizing agriculture in remote areas.
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Laia, F., Laia, F. H. ., Telaumbanua, S. M. ., Sitorus, H. P. ., & Hondro, F. J. . (2025). Development of an IoT-Based Smart Hydroponic Monitoring System as a Modern Agricultural Solution in Remote Areas. Journal of Intelligent Decision Support System (IDSS), 8(4), 208-217. https://doi.org/10.35335/idss.v8i4.318
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Zikria, Y. Bin, Ali, R., Afzal, M. K., & Kim, S. W. (2021). Next-generation internet of things (IoT): Opportunities, challenges, and solutions. Sensors (Switzerland), 21(4), 1–7. https://doi.org/10.3390/s21041174
Ahmed, N., Amin, R., Aldabbas, H., Koundal, D., Alouffi, B., & Shah, T. (2022). Machine Learning Techniques for Spam Detection in Email and IoT Platforms: Analysis and Research Challenges. Security and Communication Networks, 2022, 1–19. https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/1862888
Ali, A., Hussain, T., Tantashutikun, N., Hussain, N., & Cocetta, G. (2023). Application of Smart Techniques, Internet of Things and Data Mining for Resource Use Efficient and Sustainable Crop Production. Agriculture (Switzerland), 13(2), 1–22. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture13020397
Altieri, M. A., & Nicholls, C. I. (2017). The adaptation and mitigation potential of traditional agriculture in a changing climate. Climatic Change, 140(1), 33–45. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-013-0909-y
Anderson, R., Bayer, P. E., & Edwards, D. (2020). Climate change and the need for agricultural adaptation. Current Opinion in Plant Biology, 56, 197–202. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pbi.2019.12.006
Dhillon, R., & Moncur, Q. (2023). Small-Scale Farming: A Review of Challenges and Potential Opportunities Offered by Technological Advancements. Sustainability (Switzerland), 15(21), 1–16. https://doi.org/10.3390/su152115478
El-Beltagy, A., & Madkour, M. (2012). Impact of climate change on arid lands agriculture. Agriculture & Food Security, 1(1), 3. https://doi.org/10.1186/2048-7010-1-3
Jia, M., Komeily, A., Wang, Y., & Srinivasan, R. S. (2019). Adopting Internet of Things for the development of smart buildings: A review of enabling technologies and applications. Automation in Construction, 101, 111–126. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.autcon.2019.01.023
Kour, K., Gupta, D., Gupta, K., Anand, D., Elkamchouchi, D. H., Pérez-Oleaga, C. M., Ibrahim, M., & Goyal, N. (2022). Monitoring Ambient Parameters in the IoT Precision Agriculture Scenario: An Approach to Sensor Selection and Hydroponic Saffron Cultivation. Sensors, 22(22), 1–25. https://doi.org/10.3390/s22228905
Kumar, P., Tokas, J., Kumar, N., Lal, M., Singal, H., & Praveen Kumar, C. (2018). Climate change consequences and its impact on agriculture and food security. International Journal of Chemical Studies, 6(6), 124–133. https://www.chemijournal.com/archives/?year=2018&vol=6&issue=6&ArticleId=4156&si
Lakhiar, I. A., Jianmin, G., Syed, T. N., Chandio, F. A., Buttar, N. A., & Qureshi, W. A. (2018). Monitoring and control systems in agriculture using intelligent sensor techniques: A review of the aeroponic system. Journal of Sensors, 1(1), 1–18. https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/8672769
Naresh, R., Jadav, S. K., Singh, M., Patel, A., Singh, B., Beese, S., & Pandey, S. K. (2024). Role of Hydroponics in Improving Water-Use Efficiency and Food Security. International Journal of Environment and Climate Change, 14(2), 608–633. https://doi.org/10.9734/ijecc/2024/v14i23976
Nsoh, B., Katimbo, A., Guo, H., Heeren, D. M., Nakabuye, H. N., Qiao, X., Ge, Y., Rudnick, D. R., Wanyama, J., Bwambale, E., & Kiraga, S. (2024). Internet of Things-Based Automated Solutions Utilizing Machine Learning for Smart and Real-Time Irrigation Management: A Review. Sensors, 24(23), 1–36. https://doi.org/10.3390/s24237480
Patrono, L., Atzori, L., Šolić, P., Mongiello, M., & Almeida, A. (2020). Challenges to be addressed to realize Internet of Things solutions for smart environments. Future Generation Computer Systems, 111, 873–878. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.future.2019.09.033
Pomoni, D. I., Koukou, M. K., Vrachopoulos, M. G., & Vasiliadis, L. (2023). A Review of Hydroponics and Conventional Agriculture Based on Energy and Water Consumption, Environmental Impact, and Land Use. Energies, 16(4). https://doi.org/10.3390/en16041690
Safira, M. R., Lim, M. W., & Chua, W. S. (2022). Design of control system for water quality monitoring system for hydroponics application. IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, 1257(1), 1–6. https://doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/1257/1/012027
Sambo, P., Nicoletto, C., Giro, A., Pii, Y., Valentinuzzi, F., Mimmo, T., Lugli, P., Orzes, G., Mazzetto, F., Astolfi, S., Terzano, R., & Cesco, S. (2019). Hydroponic Solutions for Soilless Production Systems: Issues and Opportunities in a Smart Agriculture Perspective. In Frontiers in Plant Science (Vol. 10). Frontiers Media S.A. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2019.00923
Sangeetha, T., & Periyathambi, E. (2024). Automatic nutrient estimator: distributing nutrient solution in hydroponic plants based on plant growth. PeerJ Computer Science, 10, 1–28. https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj-cs.1871
Serrano, W. (2018). Digital systems in smart city and infrastructure: Digital as a service. Smart Cities, 1(1), 134–154. https://doi.org/10.3390/smartcities1010008
Singh, R., & Singh, G. S. (2017). Traditional agriculture: a climate-smart approach for sustainable food production. Energy, Ecology and Environment, 2(5), 296–316. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40974-017-0074-7
Suprehatin. (2021). Determinants of Agricultural Technology Adoption by Smallholder Farmers in Developing Countries: Perspective and Prospect for Indonesia. Jurnal Penelitian Dan Pengembangan Pertanian, 40(1), 21–30. https://doi.org/10.21082/jp3.v40n1.2021.p21-30
Sutardi, Apriyana, Y., Rejekiningrum, P., Alifia, A. D., Ramadhani, F., Darwis, V., Setyowati, N., Setyono, D. E. D., Gunawan, Malik, A., Abdullah, S., Muslimin, Wibawa, W., Triastono, J., Yusuf, Arianti, F. D., & Fadwiwati, A. Y. (2022). The Transformation of Rice Crop Technology in Indonesia: Innovation and Sustainable Food Security. Agronomy, 13(1), 1–14. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy13010001
Utami, C. W., Indrianto, A. T. L., & Pratama, I. (2019). Agricultural Technology Adoption in Indonesia: The Role of the Agriculture Extension Service, the Rural Financing and the Institutional Context of the Lender. International Journal of Innovation, Creativity and Change, 7(7), 258–276. https://www.ijicc.net/images/vol7iss7/7719_Utami_2019_E_R.pdf
Zikria, Y. Bin, Ali, R., Afzal, M. K., & Kim, S. W. (2021). Next-generation internet of things (IoT): Opportunities, challenges, and solutions. Sensors (Switzerland), 21(4), 1–7. https://doi.org/10.3390/s21041174
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